Corrections

Game behaviour by market: the US online-casino rows

Game behaviour by market

• The page said autoplay was permitted across the US states. New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Connecticut bar autoplay unless the regulator authorises it.
• Pennsylvania: autoplay needs the Board's authorisation and is then limited to 50 spins (58 Pa. Code § 810a.10(d)), and a reminder must appear at least every hour (§ 814a.1(e)(2)). The row had said autoplay was permitted with no reminder, cited a temporary regulation that has since been deleted, and said the state had adopted GLI-19, which no cited text supports.
• New Jersey, Michigan and Connecticut require a running clock or a reminder every half hour, and these states and Pennsylvania require win and loss statistics in a statement on request. Record-retention periods are now the published figures. These rows had been filled from a template.
• Rhode Island and Delaware do not publish their game specifications, so cells their rules leave open now read "Not stated", not "no rule".

Sources: Pennsylvania Code — 58 Pa. Code Chapter 810a, Interactive gaming testing and controls; Pennsylvania Code — 58 Pa. Code Chapter 814a, Compulsive and problem gambling requirements

United Kingdom: personal licence fees

United Kingdom regulator profile

• Personal licence maintenance fees are due every five years, not every year. From 1 October 2026 a personal management licence costs £463 to apply for and £463 in maintenance; a personal functional licence £231 and £181.

Sources: Gambling Commission — personal licence maintenance fees (from 1 October 2026); legislation.gov.uk — The Gambling (Fees) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2026 (SI 2026/828)

Germany: the online slot stake limit

Germany regulator profile · Game behaviour by market

• Since 1 July 2026 a GGL guideline allows stakes above €1 on virtual slots: up to €3 for players aged 21 or over, and up to €5 after a 90-day qualifying period with extra monitoring, until 31 December 2027 at the latest. €1 stays the default. The pages still gave €1 as a fixed limit.

Sources: GGL — Entscheidungsrichtlinie zur Anpassung des Höchsteinsatzes gemäß § 22a Abs. 7 Satz 2 GlüStV 2021 (1 July 2026)

Glossary: PAR sheet

PAR sheet

• PAR is expanded as "probability accounting report", sometimes "paytable and reel strips" (Harrigan & Dixon, 2009). The entry gave "Paytable And Reel Strips" as the meaning.

United Kingdom: remote betting duty and the casino due-diligence threshold

United Kingdom regulator profile · Customer due diligence · KYC & AML in practice (lesson)

• Remote general betting duty rises to 25% from 1 April 2027 under the Finance Act 2026, s.87. The profile still described the rise as announced, not enacted.
• UK casinos must apply customer due diligence to transactions of £2,000 or more since 30 June 2026 (Money Laundering Regulations 2017, reg. 27(5), as amended by SI 2026/621). The pages still gave €2,000 and called the change pending.

Sources: Finance Act 2026, s.87 — general betting duty on remote bets; The Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Amendment) Regulations 2026 (SI 2026/621)

The beginner lessons, key statistics and iGaming in 10 numbers

What Is iGaming? · How the iGaming industry works · A short history of iGaming · The maths behind the games · Responsible gambling: what everyone should know · Staying in control · How games are designed to keep you playing · Key statistics · iGaming in 10 numbers

• InterCasino is dated 1996, not 1995. Antigua and Barbuda was one of the first jurisdictions to license online gambling, not the first, and its 1994 law is the Free Trade and Processing Zone Act.
• UIGEA (2006) bars gambling businesses from accepting payments for unlawful bets; it does not bar banks.
• Net gaming revenue is not the operator's bottom line. The "7–20% of GGR" supplier share is gone: no primary source publishes those rates.
• A global market size of US$90–100bn taken from paid research reports is gone; market size is taught from regulators' own figures.
• Not every game returns less than 100%: full-pay video poker can, with perfect play.
• The story of black coming up 26 times at Monte Carlo in 1913 is dropped: no record from the time could be traced.
• GambleAware closed as a charity in March 2026; its site is now run by the Department of Health and Social Care.
• In Great Britain only deposit limits are mandatory; loss and stake limits are optional. Reality checks show time, not money spent.
• The sound study's figures are the published erratum's 29% and 18%, not 24% and 15%. Its finding on losses disguised as wins and game choice held only for winning games.
• "One in twenty adults" was wrong: the Lancet Public Health Commission puts any-risk gambling at 11.9% of men and 5.5% of women.

The Practitioner lessons

Casino verticals · Bonuses and wagering requirements · Game maths in depth · Sports betting fundamentals · Poker fundamentals · Bingo fundamentals · Lottery fundamentals

• Bingo: in Great Britain the operator's cut is the disclosed participation fee, and stakes must go back to players as prizes. An illustrative 70% prize fund is replaced by the Gambling Commission's 2025-26 figures.
• Bonuses: the worked examples respect the 10x wagering cap in force in Great Britain since 19 January 2026. The "35–50x standard" and "10% weighting" claims are replaced by the Commission's own figures.
• Casino verticals: the "about 60% live share" is gone; slot payback is the Commission's 2025-26 average, about 94.9p in the pound.
• Game maths: a PAR sheet is a probability accounting report; there are no "billions of simulated rounds"; what GLI-19 and NIST SP 800-22 require is no longer overstated.
• Sports betting: bookmakers do not simply balance their books (Levitt, 2004); hold figures come from the New Jersey, UK and Nevada regulators.
• Poker: rake is not "commonly 5%"; the lesson gives Pennsylvania's 10% cap and HMRC's definition instead.
• Lottery: UK Lotto has two rounds per draw since 7 June 2026.

The Expert lessons

Risk of ruin and bankroll maths · Provably fair and RNG certification · Market entry: reading a jurisdiction

• Risk of ruin: ruin is certain only for a player with no exit point. The Kelly criterion stakes nothing without a positive edge (Kelly, 1956). A blackjack 0.5% figure and the claim that practitioners use fractional Kelly are dropped.
• Provably fair: GLI-19 sets its own statistical tests and does not use NIST SP 800-22 or FIPS for randomness. A client seed protects the player only if it can be set after the commitment. An unverified claim about a testing lab's ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation is removed.
• Market entry: Germany's 5.3% tax is charged on the stake net of the tax (€5.03 on €100); UK licence fees are those in force from 1 October 2026; a German licence runs five years on a first grant and seven after that.

The KYC and AML, licensing, payments and affiliate lessons

KYC & AML in practice · Licensing jurisdictions · The payments stack · The affiliate model

• KYC and AML: in Great Britain the Money Laundering Regulations, and the regulated-sector offence of failing to report, cover casinos, not other gambling operators. Not all gambling is 18+ (Gambling Act 2005, s.46(2)).
• Licensing: PASPA was struck down in Murphy v. NCAA (2018), not repealed. Curaçao's LOK has been in force since 24 December 2024, and its regulator is now the Curaçao Gaming Authority. Gibraltar's 2025 Act applies from 1 April 2026.
• Payments: reverse withdrawals have been banned in Great Britain since 31 October 2021. Visa's "high integrity risk" category replaces the claim that chargebacks are the core reason gambling payments are hard.
• Affiliates: a vendor's "$60 CPA + 20% revshare" deal is replaced by a labelled hypothetical. Massachusetts bans revenue-share deals for sports-betting affiliates.

Sports-betting topics

Sports betting

• NFL regular-season games can end tied after one overtime period.
• A quarter line has three possible outcomes, not four.
• Standard each-way terms pay two to four places.
• The cash-out formula on a margined price gives an upper bound, not the fair value.
• "Typical margin" figures are replaced by measured ones: Newall (2015) found 5.1% on the match result across 56 bookmakers, and New Jersey's 2025 parlay hold was 19.2% against 9.5% overall.
• A paper's DOI (Strumbelj) and another paper's authors (Kaunitz, Zhong & Kreiner) are corrected.

Slots, live casino and providers

Slots · Live casino · Providers

• Dream Catcher's best bet is the 10 (96.58%), not "low numbers".
• Evolution holds about 30 licences. It bought NetEnt in an all-share deal (about €2.28bn at completion) and Big Time Gaming for €220m plus up to €230m in earn-outs.
• The €38m online jackpot record was won on WowPot, not Mega Moolah.
• A progressive jackpot's contribution rate, not the size of the pot, lowers the base game's RTP.
• There is no typical "50–100x" bonus-buy price. Operators in Great Britain dropped feature buy-in in 2020 after the Gambling Commission challenged it.
• Live studios read cards with card readers and video recognition, with a manual override (GLI-19; Connecticut's live-dealer specifications), not "OCR/RFID". Lightning Roulette's "97.1%" is replaced by the calculation it would need.
• The providers hub no longer mentions a Pragmatic Play profile, which the site does not have.

RTP and RNG chapters, two essays and four crypto topics

RTP · RNG · Crypto & Web3 · Essays

• How RTP is calculated: an example found only on an affiliate site is replaced by Harrigan & Dixon's Lobstermania (259,440,000 combinations; approved versions pay 85% to 96.2%).
• RTP versus actual returns: the 96,040,000-spin figure now states the per-spin standard deviation it assumes.
• RNG failures: rebuilt on the 2014 US indictment and the New Jersey and Nevada exclusion records. Unsourced names and dollar figures are gone, and the records are described as charges and exclusions, not convictions.
• Provably fair and crash games: "usually HMAC-SHA256" is hedged (Aviator's developer uses SHA-512). Provably fair needs no blockchain, so the claim that fiat casinos cannot offer it is gone.
• Essay on why a 97% RTP still costs you: a DOI for a paper that does not exist is replaced by the 2020 study in Addiction. Slot outcomes are skewed, not symmetric. The takeaway called RTP the rate at which the house wins; it is 100% minus the RTP.
• Stablecoins: the topic now covers exchange-rate risk for a pound or euro holder, with FCA figures; a wrong BIS paper is replaced; rakeback paid on turnover can make a low-edge game positive.

Table games and game-maths concepts

Table games · Game maths

• Blackjack: basic strategy gives a house edge of 0.46–0.49% on six to eight decks; 6:5 payouts cost 1.36 points (1.8–2.0% in all); going from one deck to eight costs 0.56–0.64 points, not "up to 0.5".
• Figures with neither a primary source nor a calculation are gone: Ultimate Texas Hold'em, Caribbean Stud, Pai Gow, Lightning Roulette's 97.1% and positive-expectation video poker.
• The volatility example's games return 90%, not 96%; its figures are fixed, and game B finishes level or ahead 57% of the time over 200 spins.
• A max-win cap lowers RTP unless the return is reallocated.

History milestones

History of iGaming

• PartyGaming's 2009 non-prosecution agreement was for US$105m; the US$300m was a co-founder's personal forfeiture.
• Malta's Remote Gaming Regulations took partial effect on 20 April 2004, before EU accession.
• Paddy Power's +310% was mobile sports-betting turnover, not revenue.
• Black Friday (2011) seized five domains and sought at least US$3bn; the government did not freeze players' accounts.
• In 2021 the First Circuit held the Wire Act limited to sports betting, and vacated the lower court's order setting aside the 2018 Justice Department opinion, which is still published.
• New Jersey's online casinos opened in soft play on 21 November 2013 and fully on 25 November, with seven permit holders; Delaware's opened in October 2013.
• Evolution listed on Nasdaq First North Premier in March 2015 and on the main market in June 2017.
• Paddy Power and Betfair merged in an all-share deal (£4.3bn); Ladbrokes and Gala Coral agreed their merger in July 2015.
• Sweden's 90% was an assessment, not a target, and its gambling tax is 22% since 1 July 2024.
• COVID-19 brought no wholesale move online: online yield rose 18.4% and land-based fell 62.5% in the year to March 2021.
• Germany's 2021 State Treaty is named correctly, and its €1,000 deposit limit is described as a default. Brazil's R$30m is a fixed fee for each five-year authorisation. The UK levy is a flat 1.1% for online operators.
• Early "firsts" (Intertops, Planet Poker, Cash Splash) are attributed to the companies' own archived claims, with unverifiable months removed.